Knowledge Inquiry and Communication for Sports -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theKnowledge Inquiry and Communication for Animal Sports. Answer: Introduction Research into animal treatment reveals that animals are important for human activities such as sports and recreation or entertainment hence require medical considerations in drug administration(Hedeland, et al., 2016). The use of drugs in the pharmacological treatment of horses reveals shocking details of doping in animal products. Reports about products advertised as having medical solutions like blood building yet containing undeclared elements of cobalt provide proof of this allegation. Equestrian activities such as show jumping and horseracing face such controversies and experiments have proven this manipulation of animals for illicit performance(Murphy, et al., 2013). People find animal sports pleasurable and gather in multitudes just to watch such performances. However, there are concerns about a number of inhumane treatments on animals. Debates, initiatives and policy recommendations by the animal welfare groups advocate for standards that support proper training. Stakeholder involvements in regulating the sports ensure that the rule is effective in events, horse jumping, dressage movements and endurance training among others. Animals exhibit conflict behavior while in training, competition, and performance. As a result, they become restless, unpredictable, and uncontrollable. Different stimulus used in experiments indicate that standard procedures should apply when analyzing animal behavior and responses(Meijboom Ohl, 2015). Hedeland, et al (2016) identifies some of the illicit substances used on animals as discovered during drug testing. Among these is ionic cobalt, which is common in performance products. Purchased feeds contain mixed mineral elements, which contain supplements from farming producers. These may have questionable amounts of elements in extreme concentration. Injecting animals with elements is also a major risk factor that contributes to doping allegations and controversies about artificial manipulation of animals for performance. Research done on 200 horse urine samples reveals a high concentration of toxins in supplements(Hedeland, et al., 2016). The Institute of Biochemistry of the German Sports University Cologne (Germany) in conjunction with the Swedish National Veterinary Institute engaged the use of stimulating agents in products designed for animal sports. From the study, it is evident that the misuse of nickel is one way in which pharmacological stimulation in supraphysiological amounts becomes a risk to the animal especially those in the racing industry. The use of the substance to enhance aerobic activity in sports animal may be through an injection or supplements containing nickel. In the same line, Paine, Hincks, Fenwick, Ridd, Hillyer (2017) identify Cobalt as a critical micronutrient element required by adult horses for the synthesis of equine caecum, and colon. This nutritional component contins high doses of supraphysiological concentrates that need regulation during horse racing. Cobalt and vitamin B12 suppliments administered in high volumes. An analyis of the baseline concentration reveals that despite the fact that cobalt chloride is legitimate, its administartion becomes toxic when it accumulates in the plasma and urine content. This is an ethical research that supports animal welfare. Murphy, Jezierski, Jaworski, Kosinska, Gorecka-Bruzda (2015) analyze conflict behavior in animals to point out that it is resistance to handling, training or equipment. The study looks at the mental and physical difficulty experienced by animals in the equestrian sports. Citing the Federation Equestre Internationale (FEI) welfare codes, the analysis acknowledges the importance of using training that matches up to the physical strength of the horse. As a result, its findings point out that conflict behavior is propagated by an obstacle, movement or time lapse. Strategic selection of animals for different purposes prevents wastage and effective training encourages performance(Welfare, 2018). There is a need for sensitization to ethical issues and animal practices in order to prevent limitations. Forcing animals to extreme behavior or physiological activities is uncalled for or unexpected because it contradicts nature. Medical solutions to animal treatment should also take calculated a pproaches. Hotzel, Kanaan, Parsekian, Leme (2014) carry out research on 197 animals to note that 92% of the animals depended on commercial grain concentrates and that animals in equestrian establishments exercised less. This is a wake-up call on the need for natural solutions to animal performance. The use of horses in show jumping becomes controversial when there is artificial manipulation designed to force the horse into performance. Injecting with illicit supplements when the animal lacks movement inhibits natural motivation. In a study to find this out, horses were presented with two options of jumping over a short route and a longer one(Murphy, et al., 2013). In order to give an ultimate jump or performance, a horse or animal is subject to exposure to stimuli. Inquiry into the type of motivation offered to the animal reveals the use of different types of reinforcements. During competitions, horse managers induce stimulants for the arousal of stressed or weak horses. Although rider aids are effective in supporting the natural manipulation of animals, this should be under strict adherence to stipulated regulations. Questions about what animal abuse really is have sparked further debate on whether the use of animals in sports is ethically right. However, research agrees that animal sports is as essential as meat processing and contributes billions into the economic sector(Equine Veterinary Education, 2013). There are numerous strategies used for effective animal sports but not all are effective. Showjumping as the most popular among the equestrian sports calls for restraint when using reinforcement strategies. According to the Animal Welfare Science Ethics and Law Veterinary Association (AWSELVA), there are boundaries on what animals can and cannot handle(Equine Veterinary Education, 2013). Debates about the use of anabolic steroids on horses led to further discussions about whether it was right to use animals in sports or human pleasure. Animal abuse occurs when the animal health comes under threat. Such risks may occur during training, or in interaction with humans. Whipping, doping, and other actions inflict injury on the animal causing suffering. A cost-benefit analysis enables those handling the animals to make the proper judgment on what to avoid and what is reasonable. Professional codes cover animal treatment as well as medical procedures. Animal owners in the horse industry and veterinary services should beware of products, which stimulate the endogenous production of elements. Trace elements may contribute to the development of trace elements. Dealing with any suspicion of doping is essential especially when the determination of a threshold level. Animal welfare prohibits misuse of elements and gives guidance on the relevance of doping for control purposes. It also advises on proper handling of animals such as dressage and prevention of training errors. Conclusion Animal sports industry consists of multibillion-dollar establishments featuring animals secluded for recreational activities. Although this is a fully-fledged industry with economic benefits, unscrupulous dealers are using the industry for animal exploitation and selfish gain. The debate about the use of horses for entertainment and performance raises questions about the legality of using horse stimulants in performance enhancing products. Doping interferes with the natural functions and mental capacity of animals leading to adverse side effects. Abused substances could be food or medical supplements and injections administered on the animals without medical recommendations. Evidence shows that failure to justify the use of products high in cobalt causes doping hence the outbursts by welfare societies. Misinterpretation of horse responses in training often leads to misuse of such drugs, which later raises ethical questions about the price paid by animals in equestrian culture. As a r esult, it is advisable to adhere to stipulated control measures when administering health and feeding practices on such animals in order to avoid misuse and misconceptions. References Equine Veterinary Education. (2013). When does use become abuse in equestrian sport? Equine Vet Education, 25(10), 489-492. Retrieved April 3, 2018, from file:///C:/Users/BAT/Downloads/2084374_543463374_KECJournalArticlenumberone-727%20(1).pdf Hedeland, M., Bondesson, U., Due, M., Schanzer, W., Piper, T., Krug, O., . . . Thelvis, M. (2016, January 30). Nickel in equine sports drug testing-pilot study results on urinar nickel concentrations. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 982-984. Retrieved April 3, 2017, from file:///C:/Users/BAT/Downloads/2084372_909873619_KECJournalArticlenumberthree.pdf Hotzel, M. J., Kanaan, V., Parsekian, H. A., Leme, P. D. (2014). Management, health, and abnormal behavors of horses: A surve in small equesterian centers in Brazil. Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research, 9(3), 114-118. Meijboom, F., Ohl, F. (2015). Ethical issues associated with the use of animal experimentation in behavioral neuroscience research. Current Topics Behavioural Neuroscience, 19, 3-15. Murphy, J., Jezierski, T., Jaworski, Z., Kosinska, I., Gorecka-Bruzda, A. (2015). Conflict behavior in elite show jumping and dressage horses. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 10, 137-146. Retrieved April 3, 2017, from file:///C:/Users/BAT/Downloads/2084377_980704330_KECJournalArticlenumberfour-97.pdf Murphy, J., JMurphy, J., Jezierski, T., Jaworski, Z., Jedrzejewska, E., Muszynska, A., . . . Gorecka-Bruzda, A. (2013). To Jump or not to jump? Strategies employed by leisure and sport horses. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 8, 253-260. Retrieved April 3, 2018, from file:///C:/Users/BAT/Downloads/2084371_1121766922_KECJournalArticlenumbertwo.pdf Paine, S. W., Hincks, P., Fenwick, S., Ridd, Z., Hillyer, L. L. (2017). Pharmacokinetics of inorganic cobalt and a vitamin B12 supplement in the thoroughbred horse: differentaiting cobalt abuse from supplementation. Equine Veterinary Journal , 343-349. Welfare, O. (2018). Animals used for work, sport, reccreation or display . Retrieved from One welfare: https://onewelfare.cve.edu.au/animals-used-for-work-sport-recreation-or-display

Dialogue Story, The Ginger Ale Mystery Essays - Hans, Ginger Ale

Dialogue Story, the Ginger Ale Mystery "So Hans, how was your day today?" said Miguel. "Not all too well," said Hans with despair. "I broke a string on my violin today at the orchestra." "Broke a string eh?" said Miguel. "Did you see it in time?" "No, no one told me until after the performance. Damn, I wish people weren't so intimidated by people who are blind." said Hans. "Yes, I can relate. Hmmm..... Your violin you say? How would you like me to take it off of your hands?" said Miguel, with a hint of interest in his voice. "What? What could YOU possibly give me for my prize Stradivarius violin?" screamed Hans. "Well, we could make a little wager." Miguel was now full into the violin. "I am a particular mystery fan." "Well, so am I, Agatha Christie always makes me laugh!" cried Hans, with tears in his eyes. "No, not that kind of mystery. I'm interested in locked room mysteries." whispered Miguel. "Do you know what they are?" "No, I can't say that I do." mused Hans. "What are they then?" "They are mysteries where locked rooms are involved," said Miguel, "and where one person might have to do something to get into the locked room and change something, for instance, put ginger ale into a glass of ice." "Ginger ale into a glass of ice? That's quite easy." laughed Hans. "Yes, but not when YOU are in a locked room, the ice and glass in a safe, and me with the Ginger Ale outside!" exclaimed Miguel. "That is quite extraordinary, if you could do it. But what would I get if you didn't do it?" asked Hans. "Head seat of all violinists, plus 100,000 dollars, in CASH." said Miguel. "Now i'm in it. But you want my Stradivarius violin if you do it?" asked Hans. "Yes, thing's aren't cheap these days." said Miguel. "We'll see what you can do! The wager is on. You must come into a dark, lightless room, with ME in it, open the safe, take out the glass, take out the ice, and pour in the ginger ale, all without me hearing you?" asked Hans, just to be sure. "Of course. And the date for this little wager shall be three days from next wednesday, on saturday." said Miguel. "And good luck." "Good luck to you my friend, you'll need it." snickered Hans. "He's left! I've got him now! I can't possibly lose!" screamed Hans. "Ouch! I shouldn't dance so much when I can't see anything, especially that darn sofa!" exclaimed Hans. "Ouch! My knee hurts!" "Ha! Ha! The day has come! Let's see what Miguel can do now!" laughed Hans, waiting for Miguel. "Hello my friend. Are you ready?" asked Miguel. "Ready and waiting." said Hans. "Let us begin." said Miguel. "Here we are, in the room I've chosen." said Hans. "This is fine. Where are the glasses and the ice?" asked Miguel. "Right on that coffee table.

Affirmative Action Essays (933 words) - Discrimination, Free Essays

Affirmative Action Essays (933 words) - Discrimination, Free Essays Affirmative Action AFFIRMATIVE ACTION I. We didnt land on Plymouth Rock, my brothers and sisters Plymouth Rock landed on us! Malcolm Xs observation is brought out by the facts of American History. Snatched from their native land, transported thousands of miles in a nightmare of disease and death and sold into slavery, blacks were reduced to the legal status of farm animals. Even after emancipation, blacks were segregated from whites in some states by law, and by social practice almost everywhere. American apartheid continued for another century. In 1954 the Supreme Court declared state-compelled segregation in schools unconstitutional, and it followed up that decision with others that struck down many forms of official segregation. Still, discrimination survived, and in most southern states blacks were either discouraged or prohibited from exercising their right to vote. Not until the 1960s was compulsory segregation finally and effectively challenged. Between 1964 and 1968 Congress passed the most sweeping civil rights legislation since the end of the Civil War. It banned discrimination in employment, public accommodations (hotels, motels, restaurants, etc.), and housing; it also guaranteed voting rights for blacks in areas suspected of disenfranchising blacks. Today, several agencies in the federal government exercise sweeping powers to enforce these civil rights measures. But is that enough? Equality of condition between blacks and whites seems as elusive as ever. The black unemployment rate is double that of whites, and the percentage of black families living in poverty is nearly four times that of whites. Only a small percentage of blacks ever make it into medical school or law schools. Advocates of affirmative action have focused upon these differences to support their argument that it is no longer enough just to stop discrimination. Liberal Democrats feel that the damage done by three centuries of racism now has to be remedied, they argue, and effective remediation requires a policy of affirmative action. At the heart of affirmative action is the use of numerical goals. Opponents call them racial quotas. Whatever the name, what they imply is the setting aside of a certain number of jobs or positions for blacks or other historically oppressed groups. Conservative Republicans charge that affirmative action really amounts to reverse discrimination, that it penalizes innocent people simply because they are white, that it often results in unqualified appointments, and that it ends up harming instead of helping blacks. The issue of preferences to address historical patterns of racial, ethnic, and gender discrimination has received a great deal of attention nationally. Whether in government contracts, private sector hiring, college admissions, or state hiring practices, opponents in the issue have engaged in often-heated debates. In Michigan, legislation to limit or eliminate affirmative action has been introduced this session. A good example of this legislation was proposed on March 18,1998 and it is called SJR N (S-2). This resolution proposed an amendment to the Michigan Constitution to prohibit discrimination based on sex or ethnicity and to prohibit the state and its political subdivisions from using religion, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin as a basis for discriminating against or giving preferential treatment to any individual or group in employment, public education, or public contracting. The present system violates the fundamental principle of equal protection of the law against discrimination on the basis of immutable characteristics of race, sex, color, ethnicity, and national origin. SJR N (S-2) was intended to end this practice and return Michigan to the goal of a colorblind society. II. SJR N (S-2) is on the Conservative side of things, in that, the legislation is trying to stop reverse racism. There really is no moderate way to look at affirmative action; you can either be for it or against it. Sen. Bill Bullard Jr. was the chair and sponsor of this bill, but when he met with the other members of this committee it was stated in the minutes of the meeting that the issue will not be voted on today, nor does he (Bill Bullard) intend to press for a vote in the Legislature this year. There will be future opportunities for all who wish to contribute to this dialogue to have their views heard. The committee then had a long list of testimony from those who opposed SJR N (S-2).

Managinga Data & Information Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Managinga Data & Information - Coursework Example The time spent at the systems and computers frequently used for completing work were examined. The study reported a greater access to computers by nurse managers, an indication that nurses managed most of the patient related information in accomplishing their work. Systems such as EHR (Electronic Health Record) becomes handy every time the nurse admit and attend to a patient. 2. An information management problem that can be solved with a database is updating of the system. Some institutions such as hospitals and clinics in the current technological era still have the file system of keeping records or the database management system. However, most hospitals, institutions, and businesses have already computerized their data and thus posses’ databases containing critical information necessary for the running of the institution. The management of information is very vital for every institution and business. On the contrary, when a system is being installed, the influence or impact of growth of the institution or business necessitating the growth of the amount of information handled is supposed to be anticipated and thus factored in as part of the long term plan. When institutions wait for a very long time to update the system or database, a loss of fundamental information may be incurred as the old system struggles to cope with the changes. The need to update a database arises from the fact that the ability to retrieve and update data forms a fundamental component of a database management system essential to the management of the database. Updating of data in a database comprises of the addition of new records (as a result of growth), deleting of the existing records and the alteration or changing of information within the records to allow easy access and retrieval of information. When databases are not updated, most patients will have problems with the privacy of the data in respect to their medical history, reduced efficiency in patient safety management, a nd inability of nurses to access appropriate and correct information regarding patients’ medical history (Haux, Winter, Ammenwerth, and Brigl, 2004). A situation for which data would be captured over an extended period of time comprise of patient discharges from the hospital. The three questions of the database that would be asked include how many patients are discharged everyday, which patients have the highest number of discharges from the hospital, and does the discharges indicate a link between patient/nurse relationships. 3. One of the databases that are used in the work setting is the EMR database. A clinic that aims at keeping its operations under budget perceives the implementation of the EMR technology in the work setting as a priority. EMR database is an increasingly common alternative to the traditional patient records that permits medical facilities to update and access vital records within a few keystrokes from several multiple locations. A number of large hospit als and medical practices in the present era have already implemented the switch to the new EMR record keeping form. The

RESPIRATORY CARE TO PREVENT COMPLICATIONS AFTER THORCOTOMY Essay

RESPIRATORY CARE TO PREVENT COMPLICATIONS AFTER THORCOTOMY - Essay Example Up to 65% of patients may have an atelectasis, and 3% may develop pneumonia (Pasquina et al 2003). They are the result of progressive changes in the respiratory status of the patient and play a significant role in postoperative morbidity and mortality (Leo et al 2006). They also prolong hospital stay and increase healthcare costs (Pasquina et al 2003). Thoracotomy is performed for various surgeries like resection of pulmonary and esophageal tumors, operations on the lung like pneumonectomy, lobectomy, segmental resection, wedge resection and lung-volume reduction surgery, operations on the pleura like pleurectomy and decortication, operations on the esophagus and on the heart (Porter 2003). The pulmonary complications are usually delayed, occurring 48–72 hours after thoracotomy (Leo et al 2006). The commonly seen complications are adult respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, atelectasis, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary edema, asthma and respiratory failure (Leo et al 2006). Since pulmonary complications increase the morbidity and mortality of patients following surgery, many studies have been done to look into means of preventing these complications. Leo et al (2006) evaluated the benefits of identifying these complications early in the course of post-operative care after thoracotomy, so that appropriate interventions can be delivered to prevent and manage these complications. They used a multifactorial score called FLAM score to identify postoperative patients at higher risk for pulmonary complications at least 24 hours before the clinical diagnosis. The FLAM score was based on 7 parameters, namely, dyspnea, chest X-ray, delivered oxygen, auscultation, cough, quality and quantity of bronchial secretions. The researchers concluded that changes in FLAM score could be detected atleast 24 hours before the clinical diagnosis of pulmonary complications, giving as opportunity for the clinicians to take action much before overt symptoms. Algar et al

The Life Of A Construction Manager

The Life Of A Construction Manager A construction manager is someone whose job it is to oversee, monitor and co ordinate the process of construction of a building from design and initial planning stage to finish of the building. This means architects, by the nature of their jobs can to some extent also act in the capacity of a project manager since they are trained in document control and financing projects as well handling resources and overseeing construction. In some instances like in design-build-operate procurement the job description of the construction manager goes as far as overseeing and managing the operation of the building(s). Construction project managers have many responsibilities that they have to attend to on a day to day basis. According to Ritz (1994) these responsibilities include: setting and achieving project objectives, purchasing of labour, equipment and materials, controlling of planning, design and estimation of costs as well as budgeting and monitoring progress of the project. He goes on to further state that the construction manager has to also handle project planning, costing, resource management such as time allocation, employee management and all communication necessary during a project including dispute resolution. In order to gain a better understanding of the typical day of a construction project manager I had to go interview one. I was fortunate enough to find a willing participant in Mr. Ngu Yen of Tomtek Malaysia Sdn Bhd which is a consultancy firm based in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. What I learnt affirmed some of what I already knew from my studies and thought a construction manager goes through on a daily basis as well as gave me new insight into what it is that he actually does. Similar to other professionals in the construction industry like an architect, the day of a construction project manager usually begins with making phone calls and checking up on emails. He then checks his daily planner to see if there are any outstanding and important meetings scheduled for the day. On the day that I interviewed Mr. Yen, he had a big site meeting with a client as well as other contractors for a commercial project that his company was supposed to oversee. There was also another site visit to a cons truction site to check on the level of progress scheduled and a manning schedule for another project that needed reviewing. The work that the construction manager is hectic and stressful and requires a lot of employability skills, such as being organized, attentive to detail and an understanding of how a construction project is supposed to progress. During a construction project, the construction manager becomes the intermediary between the owners of the project (clients) and the workers on site. In this way the project manager acts in the same capacity as an architect. (Rojas 2009) the construction manager also has to be able to multi-task very well, as they often have to take notes while talking to the client and planning how to effect changes that a client, through the architect, will want done on the project. This was the case at the second site meeting where Mr. Yen was already preparing anticipated changes to the handover date of the project due to the fact that the client had relayed through the architect that there was changes that had to be made about the material used during construction. Workin g out the logistics proved to be a bit of a challenge especially as the contractor for the project was not familiar with knowledge on how to build using the new materials and there was now a need for a sub-contractor to take over erection of the building. On a daily basis, the construction project manager has to do office work to kep their records up to date and organised. They also have to schedule meetings for ongoing and upcoming projects to finalise issues such as budgeting, manpower requirements and procurement of material. The project manager will often chair the meetings and have to come up with clear goals and objectives for the rest of the members of the design team or the building team and ensure that these goals re achieved at the end of the meeting. Perhaps the hardest task in the day of the construction project manager is conflict resolution. Building projects require constant supervision to ensure the project will be finished on time, within the estimated cost and according to the quality specified. This usually results in contractors having to be pushed sometimes to get the job done, a move which they normally resent. As the custodian of the site and the project, the construction manager has to make sure that any issues raised by either the contractor or his workers are looked into and speedily resolved to make sure the project is not compromised. Apart from that the construction manager has to ensure the safety of the site for workers, pedestrians and other professionals who come to the site. It is the responsibility of the construction project manager under law to ensure site safety and check that safety measures are being put into practice as intended. This will involve talking to the site foreman and at extreme times or i n the case of serious emergencies halting the construction for an investigation into the accident to be carried out as well as safety recommendations to be implemented. The construction manager needs to be knowledgeable about the project as well in order to answer any questions the crew on site might have. On a busy day such as when the company is handling a lot of projects at once the project manager will be on his feet for most of the day. This results in a lot of stress and fatigue, hazards which they have to look out for and also deal with. Planning and organising people takes a lot of patience and the skill of foresight. (Walter A2007, pp 44) The major difference between what I thought I knew about the day of a project manager and what I actually saw and learn is that no two days are the same for the project manager. Each project has problems as well as solutions that are unique to it, and the project manager needs to have a lot of hands on experience sometimes to solve these problems and perform to the best of their ability. Conclusion At the end of the day the project manager has to do whatever it takes to get the job done. On a typical day they will rely on software to keep their schedule up to date, other professionals in the building industry to ensure the smooth continuation of the project as well as provide clients with input as well as feedback on the progress of their buildings. The project manager goes through a lot of meetings on any day and has to give precise instructions always to ensure the viability of the project. Communication plays a very important role in the day of the construction project management, coupled with a strong work ethic for excellence.

A Bloody Christmas :: essays research papers

Creative Story: A Bloody Christmas Hurry up Joe! It's 10:15, your fifteen minutes late!" Claire screamed from outside the dressing room with a hint of a New York Accent. Claire was Santa's helper at the mall. "I'm coming!" Joe yelled back. "Stupid kids, I hate kids." Joe mumbled to himself while getting himself dressed. Joe was the Santa at the local mall. Since Joe had just been released from the mental institution for insanity, the cost of the institution wiped him out of money so he needed the job badly. When the job was offered to him he had to take it. Joe was a scrawny man. Not your usual Santa Clause. He had no rosy cheeks or round belly, he didn't have the hearty laugh nor real white hair. His ribs poked out of his skin and his stomach looked like an empty cave. His eyes were pushed into his head way more than most people, the dark rings circling his made his eyes look like they were going to pop out any second. The bones of his cheeks showed through his dry, pale skin making him look like a zombie. "Let's go now!!" Claire screeched at the top of her lungs. Claire meant this time. Quickly, Joe stumbled out of the dressing room in a clumsy fashion. Looking like he had just chugged a couple of kegs, dragged his oversized Santa coat and pants with him hopping they wouldn't fall down and left the dressing room. Joe and Claire walked toward where Santa's hut was while watching a crowd gather around it. "Ya know Claire," Joe said, "I really hate my job." "Really," replied Claire in a sarcastic tone, "Who doesn't hate little brats crawling around on your lap." Joe sat down in his special Santa chair and waited for the first child to come forward. The fist kid was about five yrs. old. Joe thought he was disgusting. The child was wearing cuarteroy overalls with a white turtleneck underneath. The cuarteroys had crusty stains of peanut butter all down the front of his navy blue overalls. Making a revolting contrast between colors. The turtleneck seemed to have lost its whiteness a long time ago. It was imbedded with red pasta sauce and olive chunks glued to the sauce. His face wasn't very attractive either. On his left cheek a piece of spagetti attached to his skin dangled and dried mucus flaked off his upper lip. Joe leaned back in remorse wishing this was all a long terrifying dream. The kid hopped on his lap and in a happy voice said, "Hi Mr.